​​Preferential Tax Schemes and High-Skilled Immigration: Lessons for Finland

Kauhanen, Antti; Ropponen, Olli

18.11.2025 Briefs 168

Preferential Tax Schemes and High-Skilled Immigration: Lessons for Finland

High-skilled immigration has consistently demonstrated positive effects on firm performance, innovation, and productivity, while generally avoiding adverse impacts on

24.09.2025 Reports 167

Productivity in the Finnish Service Industries: Capital Intensity, Labor Allocation, Digitalization, Offshoring and Generative AI

Kuosmanen NataliaKaitila VilleKuusi TeroKässi OttoMaczulskij TerhiPajarinen Mika

This report examines the factors shaping productivity in Finland’s private service industries. Specifically, we focus on the link between

19.09.2025 Working Papers 133

Are Firms Hiring Enough Workers? Firm-level Evidence from Finland’s Manufacturing and Service Industries

Kuosmanen NataliaKuosmanen TimoPajarinen Mika

Microeconomic theory posits that in competitive markets, wages are determined by the marginal revenue product of labor. This study

17.9.2025 Latest News and press releases

Etla has lowered its growth forecast for the current year, stating that ‘the weakest link in growth is now household consumption’

The Finnish economy's promising growth has unexpectedly halted this year. Consequently, Etla Economic Research has lowered its forecast, predicting

25.08.2025 Working Papers 132

Export Demand Shocks and Environmental Performance: Evidence from Finnish Exporters

Maczulskij TerhiJurvanen Outi

This paper examines how firms’ environmental performance responds to product- and destination-specific export demand shocks in their export markets.

14.08.2025 Working Papers 131

GenAI, Growth, and the Multi-Sector Multipliers

Kuusi Tero

This paper analyzes the macroeconomic impact of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) on the Finnish economy, integrating recent literature and

11.08.2025 Working Papers 130

Privacy Regulation and R&D Investments: Causal Evidence from Global Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology Firms

Koski Heli

This paper examines the effects of data privacy regulation on R&D investment in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology sectors. In

18.06.2025 Working Papers 129

Intangible Assets in Finnish Business

Pajarinen MikaRouvinen Petri

This working paper investigates intangible investments in Finnish firms from 2014 to 2019, utilizing comprehensive, register-based data from Statistics

26.05.2025 Working Papers 128

Growth in Chains: EU Value Chain Productivity and its Slowdown

Kuusi TeroLähdemäki Sakari

We examine value chain productivity within the EU15 from 1995 to 2017; a period marked by growth and its

27.03.2025 Working Papers 127

Service Industries, Capital Intensity, and Labour Productivity

Kaitila Ville

We analyse the development of labour productivity in five service industries in Europe, the United States, and Japan. Vis-à-vis

24.02.2025 Working Papers 126

Hiring the First Non-native Worker and Exports

Maczulskij Terhi

This study examines whether non-native workers contribute to firms’ export growth, using matched data spanning nearly three decades and

13.2.2025 Latest

Geo-economic risks becoming a new argument for industrial policy? EtlaTalks-webinar

The new era of geopolitics and geo-economics is significantly changing the economic landscape and operating environment in which we

20.01.2025 Working Papers 125

Do Public Subsidy Schemes Foster Innovation and Competitiveness in Energy-Intensive Industries?

Koski HeliWang Maria

This study evaluates the impacts of public subsidies on firms in energy-intensive industries, focusing on R&D subsidies and compensation

02.01.2025 Working Papers 124

Immigration and Innovation in Finnish Manufacturing Firms

Maczulskij Terhi

Abstract This study examines the relationship between immigration and firmlevel innovation in the Finnish manufacturing sector. The analysis leverages

31.12.2024 Working Papers 123

Passthrough of Retail Price Regulation in the Market for Pharmaceuticals

Markkanen Jaakko

I study the transmission of pharmacy mark-ups to retail prices and the policy between retail markups and Value Added

18.12.2024 Briefs 149

Databarometer: An International Comparison of the Data Economy

Kässi Otto

This Etla brief introduces a method for comparing the maturity of national data economies using a composite indicator. We

27.11.2024 Working Papers 122

Impact of Acquistions by Foreign Companies on Innovation Activities

Ali-Yrkkö JyrkiKauhanen Antti

This study examines the impact of foreign acquisitions on innovation activities in Finnish target firms using comprehensive linked employer-employee

19.11.2024 Working Papers 121

Assessing Early Labor Market Effects of Generative AI – Evidence from Population Data

Kauhanen AnttiRouvinen Petri

This study examines the short-term impact of generative artificial intelligence (GAI) on employment and wages using data covering all

13.11.2024 Reports 152

5G in the Era of Geoeconomics: Playbook for Finland?

Rouvinen PetriAli-Vehmas TimoHarakka TimoHyvärinen NinaKoski HeliKässi OttoLakaniemi IlkkaMäki DenisaThorén Kent

As compared to the earlier generations of mobile communications (1G to 4G), the fifth one (5G) is a major

02.10.2024 Working Papers 120

Estimating the Labour Market Impacts of Transport Projects in Finland

Riukula KristaVäänänen Touko

Effects on labour market outcomes are often referred to when discussing the wider economic benefits of transport projects. However,

09.09.2024 Working Papers 119

Intangibles in Light of Industry-level CompNet Dataset

Pikka Aleksi

This paper studies the productivity effects of intangible assets using 9th vintage of the CompNet dataset. Descriptive work shows

07.09.2024 Working Papers 118

The Effects of the Decentralization of Collective Bargaining on Wage Differences Among Employee Groups

Kauhanen Antti

Recently, Finnish forest industries shifted from sectoral collective bargaining to firm-level bargaining, and the IT services industry shifted to

26.08.2024 Reports 151

Productivity and Green Transition in Finland

Kuosmanen NataliaKiema IlkkaMaczulskij Terhi

This report discusses the shortcomings of conventional productivity measures that overlook the environmental efforts of firms aiming to reduce

11.06.2024 Working Papers 117

An Analysis of Digitalization and Firm Performance in Finland’s Private Service Industries

Kuosmanen NataliaPajarinen MikaHeshmati Almas

The service sector is undergoing rapid changes attributed to digitalization. This study examines the relationship between digitalization and the

ETLA-WEF