Publications

Reports 157

The Behavioral Effects of Inheritance, Estate and Gift Taxes

Ropponen Olli
This report examines the behavioral effects of inheritance, estate and gift taxes. It also provides an overview of inheritance,
Books

Industrial Organization Studies on Pharmaceutical Markets

Markkanen Jaakko
This thesis comprises three unpublished essays. The first essay analyzes the effectiveness of consumer choice policies in the Nordic
Other publications

The Effects of Covid-19 Business Subsidies in Finland – Final Report

Ropponen OlliKoski HeliKässi OttoYlhäinen IlkkaMarkkanen Jaakko
This report evaluates the effectiveness of business support measures introduced in Finland in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. It
Working Papers 125

Do Public Subsidy Schemes Foster Innovation and Competitiveness in Energy-Intensive Industries?

Koski HeliWang Maria
This study evaluates the impacts of public subsidies on firms in energy-intensive industries, focusing on R&D subsidies and compensation
Working Papers 124

Immigration and Innovation in Finnish Manufacturing Firms

Maczulskij Terhi
Abstract This study examines the relationship between immigration and firmlevel innovation in the Finnish manufacturing sector. The analysis leverages
Working Papers 123

Passthrough of Retail Price Regulation in the Market for Pharmaceuticals

Markkanen Jaakko
I study the transmission of pharmacy mark-ups to retail prices and the policy between retail markups and Value Added
Briefs 151

Corporate Tax Rate Reduction Is More Beneficial Than You Think

Kangasharju Aki
The way economists usually calculate the effects of corporation tax on the economy is flawed. The reduction in corporation
Briefs 150

Assessment of the Size and Impact of the Data Economy in Finland

Koski HeliAnttila JohannesBjörk AnnaDjakonoff VeraKässi OttoNiemi-Hugaerts HannaPajarinen MikaParkkari Jussi-Pekka
Within the scope of the available register data, the role of data in the economy is best estimated using
Briefs 149

Databarometer: An International Comparison of the Data Economy

Kässi Otto
This Etla brief introduces a method for comparing the maturity of national data economies using a composite indicator. We
Other publications

Evaluating the Data Economy: Measurement and Impact Assessment

Koski HeliAnttila JohannesBjörk AnnaDjakonoff VeraKässi OttoNiemi-Hugaerts HannaPajarinen MikaParkkari Jussi-Pekka
The report examines the opportunities and challenges of measuring the size, economic significance, and impact of the data economy
Academic Publications

Designing Net Asset-Based Income-Splitting Rules under Dual Income Tax

Kari SeppoRopponen Olli
This article revisits the income-splitting regulations within the Nordic dual income tax framework. These regulations were introduced to counteract
Academic Publications

Effect of Secondary Education on Cognitive and Non-cognitive Skills

Ollikainen Jani-PetteriPekkarinen TuomasUusitalo RoopeVirtanen Hanna
We examine the effects of secondary education on cognitive and non-cognitive skills using admission cutoffs to general secondary schools.
Briefs 148

Population of Finland, 2025–2070

Alho JuhaValkonen Tarmo
A cohort-component forecast is based on assumptions regarding future fertility, mortality and net migration. In the trend forecast at
Reports 156

R&D Activities in the Machinery and Equipment Industry

Ali-Yrkkö JyrkiPajarinen Mika
The machinery and equipment industry accounts for one-third of the R&D activities in the Finnish manufacturing sector. Since 2017,
Briefs 147

Innovation-led Pathways to Economic Growth

Koski HeliKuosmanen NataliaKuusi Tero
This brief presents key findings from Etla’s “Innovation-Driven Pathways to Economic Growth” project, which deepen the understanding of the
Reports 155

Service Offshoring, Productivity and Employment

Maczulskij TerhiKässi Otto
Abstract This study utilizes unique Finnish firm-level microdata on service imports, productivity, and employment during the 2002–2016 period. We
Briefs 146

Immigration to Finland: Need, Volume and Effects

Kangasharju Aki
This memorandum summarises recent research findings on the effects of immigration to Finland. Analysed research papers are published mainly
Briefs 145

Finland Has Good Potential to Succeed in Attracting Foreign Talent

Kauhanen Antti
The number of foreign experts arriving in Finland has been growing in the 2000s. Finland is thus able to
Reports 154

Skilled Foreign Workers in Finland

Kauhanen AnttiMaczulskij TerhiRiukula KristaRopponen Olli
This report deals with foreign talent in Finland. The report begins by discussing Finland’s attractiveness from the perspective of
Reports 153

Innovation Cooperation and Its Outcomes in Finnish-owned and Foreign-owned Firms

Ali-Yrkkö JyrkiPajarinen MikaYlhäinen Ilkka
This study examines the outcomes of firms’ innovation cooperation activities. Using data from the Community Innovation Survey (CIS), we
Working Papers 122

Impact of Acquistions by Foreign Companies on Innovation Activities

Ali-Yrkkö JyrkiKauhanen Antti
This study examines the impact of foreign acquisitions on innovation activities in Finnish target firms using comprehensive linked employer-employee
Academic Publications

Knowledge Spillovers from Superstar Tech Firms: The Case of Nokia

Ali-Yrkkö JyrkiCherif RedaHasanov FuadKuosmanen NataliaPajarinen Mika
Do workers hired from superstar tech firms contribute to better firm performance? To address this question, we analyse the
Academic Publications

Concurrent Trajectories of Objectively Measured Insufficient Recovery and Workload Among a Cohort of Shift Working Hospital Employees: Quantitative Empirical Research

Ropponen AnninaHirvonen MariaKuusi TeroHärmä Mikko
Aim: To investigate concurrent changes in short shift intervals (< 11 h) and workload among hospital employees. Design and
Working Papers 121

Assessing Early Labor Market Effects of Generative AI – Evidence from Population Data

Kauhanen AnttiRouvinen Petri
This study examines the short-term impact of generative artificial intelligence (GAI) on employment and wages using data covering all

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