We use data covering all wage earners from Finland to study the impact of generative artificial intelligence (GAI) on employment and wages for 2 years after the launch of ChatGPT in November 2022. Our synthetic difference-in-differences estimates indicate no statistically significant changes in wages or employment levels between more- and less-exposed occupations. The results are qualitatively similar when comparing more- and less-exposed occupations within occupational groups. These findings concerning Finland contrast with some previous studies on online labour markets but align more closely with research using nationally representative data. Interpreting these results through a widely used theoretical framework suggests that GAI may both complement and substitute human labour in the short term, potentially increasing productivity and value creation in some tasks and replacing humans in others.
Applied Economics Letters, published online 10 June 2025.
