Kalmbach, Aino

Kalmbach, Aino

Senior Researcher

Dr.Sc.(Econ)

aino.kalmbach@etla.fi

+358 50 547 9001

ETLA

Labour market, education economics, immigration

Download HiRes Image

One of the authors in the following publications

01.12.2025 Reports 169

Early Childhood Education Teacher Shortages: The Share of Qualified Teachers Varies Regionally

The share of qualified early childhood education teachers has declined even as the total number of teachers has increased.

20.05.2024 Other publications

Alternative Pathways to Complete an Upper Secondary Education

Kalmbach AinoKarhunen HannuOllikainen Jani-PetteriSuhonen TuomoVirtanen Hanna

This report uses register data to describe individuals who have completed a dual qualification from upper secondary education, how

15.03.2024 Books

Essays in Economics of Education and Migration

In the first essay, I analyse the effects of changing a student admission system such that it prioritizes admission

08.03.2023 Reports 136

The Number of Employed Immigrants Has Increased in Finland

Kangasharju AkiKauhanen AnttiKalmbach AinoValkonen Tarmo

The decline of working age population makes it difficult to find employees. In this report we analyze the evolution

ETLA in social media

ETLA in Instagram

ETLA in LinkedIn

ETLA in YouTube

ETLA Economic Research

Arkadiankatu 23 B
00100 HELSINKI

+358 (09) 609 900